The vant Hoff factor (i) is equal to the number of particles that a substance breaks into when it dissolves in the solvent. It's easier to see with an example:
NaCl breaks into Na+1 and Cl-1 so i = 2
Na2S breaks into 2 Na+1 ions and 1 S-2 ion so i = 3
Na3PO4 breaks into 3 Na+1 ions and 1 PO4-3 ion (remember that dissolving does NOT break the covalent bonds inside the phosphate ion, so i = 4
C12H22O11 is non-ionic, so it doesn't break up at all. Therefore i = 1
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